Interleukin

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Interleukin
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(immunology) Any of a class of proteins that are secreted mostly by macrophages and T lymphocytes and induce growth and differentiation of lymphocytes and hematopoietic stem cells.


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Any of a class of naturally occurring proteins important in regulation of lymphocyte function. Several known types are recognized as crucial constituents of the body's immune system (see immunity). Antigens and microbes stimulate production of interleukins, which induce production of various types of lymphocytes in a complex series of reactions that ensure a plentiful supply of T cells that fight specific infectious agents.

Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: interleukin
Top Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Britannica Concise Encyclopedia

Any of a class of naturally occurring proteins important in regulation of lymphocyte function. Several known types are recognized as crucial constituents of the body's immune system (see immunity). Antigens and microbes stimulate production of interleukins, which induce production of various types of lymphocytes in a complex series of reactions that ensure a plentiful supply of T cells that fight specific infectious agents.
For more information on interleukin, visit Britannica.com.

Sports Science and Medicine: interleukin
Top Home > Library > Health > Sports Science and MedicineA product of macrophages and T-lymphocytes involved in inflammation and immunity. Certain types of interleukin activity increases after submaximal acute endurance exercise. This may increase cell-mediated immunity in peripheral tissues.

Wikipedia: Interleukin
Top Home > Library > Miscellaneous > WikipediaInterleukins are a group of cytokines (secreted signaling molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes, hence the -leukin) as a means of communication (inter-). The name is something of a relic though (the term was coined by Dr. Paetkau, University of Victoria); it has since been found that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of body cells. The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency.


List
A list of interleukins:

Name Source [1] Target receptors[1][2] Target cells[1] Function[1]
IL-1 macrophages, B cells, monocytes [3], dendritic cells [3] CD121a/IL1R1, CD121b/IL1R2 T helper cells co-stimulation [3]
B cells maturation & proliferation [3]
Nk cells activation[3]
macrophages, endothelium, other inflammation[3], small amounts induce acute phase reaction, large amounts induce fever
IL-2 TH1-cells CD25/IL2RA, CD122/IL2RB, CD132/IL2RG activated[3] T cells and B cells, NK cells, macrophages, oligodendrocytes stimulates growth and differentiation of T cell response. Can be used in immunotherapy to treat cancer or suppressed for transplant patients.
IL-3 activated T helper cells[3], mast cells, NK cells, endothelium, eosinophils CD123/IL3RA, CD131/IL3RB hematopoietic stem cells growth and differentiation [3] to e.g. erythrocytes, granulocytes
mast cells growth and histamine release[3]
IL-4 TH2-cells, just activated naive CD4+ cell, memory CD4+ cells, mast cells, macrophages CD124/IL4R, CD132/IL2RG activated B cells proliferation and differentiation, IgG1 and IgE synthesis[3]. Important role in allergic response (IgE)
T cells proliferation[3]
endothelium
IL-5 TH2-cells, mast cells, eosinophils CD125/IL5RA, CD131/IL3RB eosinophils production
B cells differentiation, IgA production
IL-6 macrophages, TH2-cells, B cells, astrocytes, endothelium CD126/IL6RA, CD130/IR6RB activated B cells differentiation into plasma cells
plasma cells antibody secretion
hematopoietic stem cells differentiation
T cells, others induces acute phase reaction, hematopoiesis, differentiation, inflammation
IL-7 bone marrow stromal cells and thymus stromal cells CD127/IL7RA, CD132/IL2RG pre/pro-B cell, pre/pro-T cell, NK cells involved in B, T, and NK cell survival, development, and homeostasis, ↑proinflammatory cytokines
IL-8 macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells CXCR1/IL8RA, CXCR2/IL8RB/CD128 neutrophils, basophils, lymphocytes Neutrophil chemotaxis
IL-9 Th2-cells, specifically by CD4+ helper cells CD129/IL9R T cells, B cells Potentiates IgM, IgG, IgE, stimulates mast cells
IL-10 monocytes, TH2-cells, CD8+ T cells, mast cells, macrophages, B cell subset CD210/IL10RA, CDW210B/IL10RB macrophages cytokine production[3]
B cells activation [3]
mast cells
Th1 cells inhibits Th1 cytokine production (IFN-γ, TNF-β, IL-2)
Th2 cells Stimulation
IL-11 bone marrow stroma IL11RA bone marrow stroma acute phase protein production, osteoclast formation
IL-12 dendritic cells, B cells, T cells, macrophages CD212/IL12RB1, IR12RB2 activated [3] T cells, differentiation into Cytotoxic T cells with IL-2[3], ↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α, ↓ IL-10
NK cells ↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α
IL-13 activated TH2-cells, mast cells, NK cells IL13R TH2-cells, B cells, macrophages Stimulates growth and differentiation of B-Cells (IgE), inhibits TH1-cells and the production of macrophage inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1, IL-6), ↓ IL-8, IL-10, IL-12
IL-14 T cells and certain malignant B cells activated B cells controls the growth and proliferation of B cells, inhibits Ig secretion
IL-15 mononuclear phagocytes (and some other cells), especially macrophages following infection by virus(es) IL15RA T cells, activated B cells Induces production of Natural Killer Cells
IL-16 lymphocytes, epithelial cells, eosinophils, CD8+ T cells CD4 CD4+ T cells CD4+ chemoattractant
IL-17 subsets of T cells CDw217/IL17RA, IL17RB epithelium, endothelium, other osteoclastogenesis, angiogenesis, ↑ inflammatory cytokines
IL-18 macrophages CDw218a/IL18R1 Th1 cells, NK cells Induces production of IFNγ, ↑ NK cell activity
IL-19 - IL20R -
IL-20 - IL20R regulates proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes
IL-21 activated T helper cells, NKT cells IL21R All lymphocytes, dendritic cells costimulates activation and proliferation of CD8+ T cells, augment NK cytotoxicity, augments CD40-driven B cell proliferation, differentiation and isotype switching, promotes differentiation of Th17 cells
IL-22 - IL22R Activates STAT1 and STAT3 and increases production of acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A, Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and haptoglobin in hepatoma cell lines
IL-23 - IL23R Increases angiogenesis but reduces CD8 T-cell infiltration
IL-24 - IL20R Plays important roles in tumor suppression, wound healing and psoriasis by influencing cell survival.
IL-25 - LY6E Induces the production IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, which stimulate eosinophil expansion
IL-26 - IL20R1 Enhances secretion of IL-10 and IL-8 and cell surface expression of CD54 on epithelial cells
IL-27 - IL27RA Regulates the activity of B lymphocyte and T lymphocytes
IL-28 - IL28R Plays a role in immune defense against viruses
IL-29 - Plays a role in host defenses against microbes
IL-30 - Forms one chain of IL-27
IL-31 - IL31RA May play a role in inflammation of the skin
IL-32 - Induces monocytes and macrophages to secrete TNF-α, IL-8 and CXCL2
IL-33 - Induces helper T cells to produce type 2 cytokine
IL-35 regulatory T cells Suppression of T helper cell activation


References
^ a b c d Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Immunology. Paperback: 384 pages. Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; (July 1, 2007). Language: English. ISBN-10: 0781795435. ISBN-13: 978-0781795432. Page 68
^ Noosheen Alaverdi & David Sehy (2007-05-01). "Cytokines - Master Regulators of the Immune System". eBioscience. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Cytokine tutorial, The University of Arizona

External links
HGNC Gene Family Nomenclature: Interleukin and Interleukin Receptor Gene Symbols
Interleukin Antibody Review
[hide]v • d • eCell signaling: cytokines

By family Interleukin IL-1 superfamily 1 (1Ra) · 18 · 33

IL-6 like/gp130 utilizing 6 · 11 · 27 · 30 · 31 (+non IL Oncostatin M, Leukemia inhibitory factor, Ciliary neurotrophic factor, Cardiotrophin 1)

IL-10 family 10 · 19 · 20 · 22 · 24 · 26

Interferon type III 28 · 29

Common γ-chain family 2/15 · 3 · 4 · 7 · 9 · 13 · 21

IL-12 family 12 · 23 · 27 · 35

Other 5 · 8 · 14 · 16 · 17/25 (A) · 32


Chemokine CCL 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28

CXCL 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17

CX3CL 1

XCL 1 · 2


TNF Main TNF-alpha

TNF (ligand) superfamily 4-1BB ligand · B-cell activating factor · FAS ligand · Lymphotoxin · OX40L · RANKL · TRAIL

Cluster of differentiation CD70 · CD153 · CD154


Interferon I alpha (Pegylated 2a, Pegylated 2b), beta (1a, 1b)

II Gamma

III 28 · 29



Other Monokine · Lymphokine (Lymphotoxin, Transfer factor) · Growth factor · Hematopoietic (Stem cell factor, Colony-stimulating factor) · Autocrine motility factor · Osteopontin

By function proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1, TNF-alpha) · Th1 (interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-beta) Th2 (interleukin 4, interleukin 5, interleukin 6, interleukin 10, interleukin 13)



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